Become our Member : JOIN SFPMA TODAY   LogIn / Register: LOGIN/REGISTER

SFPMA Industry Articles | news, legal updates, events & education! 

Find Blog Articles for Florida’s Condo, HOA and the Management Industry. 

OWNER MAINTENANCE CHECKLIST by Steven J Weil, PhD, EA, LCAM

OWNER MAINTENANCE CHECKLIST by Steven J Weil, PhD, EA, LCAM

  • Posted: Feb 04, 2021
  • By:
  • Comments: Comments Off on OWNER MAINTENANCE CHECKLIST by Steven J Weil, PhD, EA, LCAM

OWNER MAINTENANCE CHECKLIST

by Steven J Weil, PhD, EA, LCAM

 

Over the years, many owners have asked us, “What maintenance duties am I responsible for within my condominium unit?” While every association is unique there are some things that are standard. This list is intended to assist you in understanding what you are responsible for and what you should make sure is done to protect yourself, your unit and your neighbors, for easily prevented but often costly damages that failure to maintain could make you liable for.

  • Change your Air Conditioning filter, monthly is best but never less than quarterly.
  • Sign up with an Air Conditioning company for an annual preventative maintenance plan.
  • Leave the Air Conditioning running when you are away for long periods to prevent mold and mildew. The humidity in South Florida can be a breeding ground for mold and mildew, your Air Conditioning helps lower the humidity in your unit preventing both from growing.  You can turn your thermostat up to 80 degrees so your Air Conditioning runs less but don’t turn it off.
  • Have your hot water tank checked by a licensed plumber to make sure it is not past its useful life. Hot water tanks that are 10 years or older should be replaced before they fail.
  • Inspect plumbing fixtures including toilets, sinks, faucets, drains (check under sinks and in cabinets for leaks to drain and traps) and water supply lines; replace all rusted or worn parts. South Florida water eats away at the fittings inside your toilet tank and faucets allowing water leaks that run up the common water bill costing every owner more in monthly maintenance; water is becoming a precious commodity in South Florida and this means that the cost keeps going up. Failure of any of these can result in damage to not only your unit but the units of your fellow owners as well making you responsible for the cost of putting things back the way they were.
  • Make sure the main water cut-off valve coming into your unit is working by testing it. If it’s not working have it replaced. Be sure to coordinate replacement with the Property Manager.
  • Check hose fittings on washing machines for tightness. Consider changing from the standard rubber style to a flexible metal-covered or “braided” hose. Old laundry hoses have been known to break and cause a flood. It’s best to replace these every 5 years or whenever you see signs of possible failure like bulges or fittings coming loose.
  • Replace old refrigerator ice maker supply lines with new industry standard flexible line.
  • Check caulking around all tubs and showers. Inadequate caulking or cracked caulking can cause leaks.
  • Have the duct for your dryer cleaned at least once each year. Lint-clogged ducts are the cause of many condominium fires.
  • When you’re planning to be away from your unit for longer than a few days, think about turning off your main water supply valve to prevent a flood while you are away.
  • Remember damage cause by failure to maintain your unit is your responsibility and it can be costly.

Doing a little bit of preventive maintenance can protect you, your property and your neighbors.

 


Royale Management Services, Inc. provides the most professional, effective, accurate and efficient condominium management service available.

We provide professional property management services only in South Florida: Broward, Dade & Palm Beach County.

Royale Management Services, Inc. is a full-service, CAM (Community Association Management) licensed, residential property management company, specializing in management, consulting and accounting for Condominium Associations and Home Owners Associations.

We are dedicated to excellent customer service and pride ourselves on providing condominium management services and home owner association management that work for you and your association.

Please browse our website to learn more about our company, our many services, and our commitment to excellence.

If you want to learn more or have questions about our services, call us at 1-800-382-1040 or 954-563-1269 to speak with one of our professionals today.

 

 

Tags: , ,
Start the new year off on a great foot? Use these tips to help improve the air you and your family are breathing every day.

Start the new year off on a great foot? Use these tips to help improve the air you and your family are breathing every day.

Start the new year off on a great foot? Use these tips to help improve the air you and your family are breathing every day.

Air Quality Assessors844-CALL-AQA

 

Unlike our skin or liver, which developed mechanisms to eliminate unwanted pollutants, the lungs didn’t develop an efficient mechanism to remove fine dust particles or block harmful gases from entering the bloodstream. I heard an explanation once that argued that because air pollution wasn’t abundant in the atmosphere until the past few hundred years, evolution didn’t have to “deal” with it (unlike UV or toxins like Benzo(a)pyrene).

 

  • There are dozens of pollutants and sources of pollution in residential (indoor) spaces, and their concentrations can be tens of times greater than in the ambient (outdoor) air. The composition of pollutants in the home space is varied, from pollutants that are typical of combustion processes such as nitrogen dioxide, pollutants emitted from electronic products such as flame retardants, to radioactive pollutants emitted from the earth (radon). Each of the pollutants has health impacts on humans, anchored in a large scientific base. But the combinations of those pollutants raises the question of whether there are synergistic effects, especially with long term exposure.

 

  • Many people are not aware of the true quality of the materials and products used in new furniture or carpets they are purchasing. The materials used in these common household goods may emit toxic chemicals into the home environment, increasing indoor air pollution dramatically over a short and long period of time. Even an action that seems trivial, such as cooking or printing, exposes us to dozens of toxic organic compounds and respirable particles. Today there is broad scientific agreement on the connection between the exposure to residential air pollutants and to the appearance of respiratory diseases in children and adults. Therefore, there is a real need to raise awareness of indoor air quality and the technologies to improve it.

 

  • There are three major strategies for enhancing air quality in the home space.
    1. The first strategy is to prevent or control the formation of contaminants – for example, by reducing processed wood products and carpets in the home.
    2. The second strategy is to ventilate (actively or passively) the home space. However, there are cases where the outdoor air quality is worse than that indoors, or the weather conditions does not permit.
    3. The use of technological products to improve air quality is needed when the first two strategies are not enough. Air-conditioning and systems have great potential for improving air quality at home if we know how to plan and adapt it to existing air purification technologies. In my view, advanced air purification technologies need to be integrated as standard in residential air-conditioning systems.

 

Indoor air pollution is a concrete problem in both new and old buildings throughout the world. Rachel Carson, in her book, Silent Spring, says, “For the first time in the history of the world, every human being is now subjected to contact with dangerous chemicals, from the moment of conception until death.” This statement summarizes the situation for residential indoor air quality.

We all take risks in everyday life: driving in cars, travelling by airplane, biking to work, crossing a busy street, playing extreme sports, to name a few. However, perhaps more risky to our health is a risk we aren’t even knowingly taking, an that is our exposure to environmental pollutants, which carry various degrees of risk. Among these, there are some risks that cannot be avoided, some which are hard to avoid because they are so ingrained in our daily routines, and there are those that we could avoid, if we only had the knowledge.

In-home air pollution is exactly the kind of health risk that we can avoid and minimize our exposure to, if we have the knowledge and information available. The combination of the three strategies above appears to be the most effective solution for reducing the exposure to these pollutants and the harmful health effects of their exposure.

 


 

Air Quality Assessors Video Promotion from Air Quality Assessors on Vimeo.

Find out more about Air Quality Assessors and contact Steve Berman / steve@airqualityassessors.com

 

Tags: , ,
With many of us at home due to the Pandemic Air Quality is a concern for all. by Air Quality Assessors

With many of us at home due to the Pandemic Air Quality is a concern for all. by Air Quality Assessors

  • Posted: Dec 02, 2020
  • By:
  • Comments: Comments Off on With many of us at home due to the Pandemic Air Quality is a concern for all. by Air Quality Assessors

With many of us at home due to the Pandemic Air Quality is a concern for all.

When it comes to small amounts of mold found in the home, it is possible for homeowners to fix the problem themselves. Check out this article that gives advice on the best products to use! 

Promoted by Air Quality Assessors

 

Mold and mildew love humid, dark and warm places to grow. Unfortunately, the perfect environment is normally in the last place you want it to be – your home. Bathroom’s, kitchens, laundries, bathrooms and even bedrooms can create conditions mould and mildew thrive in. Humidity levels in the home increase whenever we cook, wash, clean and breathe, making good ventilation a must.

But what can you do when you discover mould or mildew taking up residence in your home? Is it really possible to clean mould properly with household cleaning products? Do DIY mold treatments actually work? And what can be done to prevent it from occurring in the first place? Fear not as we’re here to answer all of these questions and more.

 

Best Ways to Clean Mold in Your Home

When it comes to the best cleaning solutions to remove mold and mildew, the internet is filled with DIY remedies and methods – which aren’t always as safe as what they seem. For small areas of isolated growth, they may provide temporary relief. But in the long-term, professional treatment is the fail-safe way to get rid of it.

Think of DIY treatments as a band-aid placed over a leaking water pipe. They will hold back the flow for a short while, but sooner or later it’s going to drop off, and the problem is going to rear its ugly head yet again.

Some of the more popular household cleaners used to clean mold and mildew include:

  • Hydrogen Peroxide
  • Vinegar
  • Baking soda
  • Bleach
  • Dettol
  • Isopropyl alcohol
  • Microfibre cloths

Once the physical mould growth has been removed, things get a little bit easier to control. While mold itself is actually quite fragile, easily killed by most abrasive and acidic chemicals, these often don’t get to the root of the problem – and it only takes a small area left untreated,  to kickstart another infestation.

If you can stomach the smell of vinegar, it’s probably the safest route to take on your own. Combined with a good quality microfiber cloth, you can agitate the bulk of the problem away. If you don’t have vinegar, a product stocked at your local supermarket  is a good second choice as a mould remover. Avoid dry agitation. Vigorous rubbing can send spores airborne and make it easier for mould to migrate around the home.

 

Cleaning Mould on Walls

To clean mold on walls, a 3% hydrogen peroxide solution in a spray bottle will provide a quick fix. While available in higher concentrations, 3% is usually enough to take care of most types of mold. However, you must be careful when using hydrogen peroxide as the fumes released have no odour, and can be hard to tell if you are breathing in a considerable amount of fumes. Hydrogen can be toxic if ingested, inhaled or contacted with the skin, therefore using this as an option should be carefully considered and completed in a well ventilated space.

If you have a vacuum cleaner with a HEPA filter, begin by vacuuming down the walls to remove any loose spores. Then take a spray bottle with the hydrogen peroxide solution and completely saturate the moldy area. Leave it to work for a good 15 minutes and then scrub at it with a Scotch-Brite sponge.

Next, take a damp cloth and wipe down the surface to remove any excess liquid. Finish off with drying the surface with a microfiber cloth. If you have a dehumidifier at home, put it in the room you just cleaned and close the door. This will help to remove any additional moisture.

Cleaning Mould on Soft Furnishings

The treatment you will use for cleaning mold on soft furnishings all depends on where you find it. If you find mold on a floor rug or carpet, baking soda can help. You can sprinkle it over the affected area, work it in with a hard-bristled brush and then vacuum it up after 2 or 3 hours.

For curtains, sofas and cushions, mix a tablespoon of baking soda with 500ml of water in a spray bottle and give the affected furnishings a generous spraying down. When dry, vacuum down and repeat two more times. If the sofa and cushion covers are removable, put them through the laundry at a high temperature and hang out to air dry.

Mold and mildew can both leave stains behind. Especially on light coloured fabrics. If this is the case, soak them in a one-part household bleach 10 parts cool water bath for 50 minutes. Then run them through the laundry machine on a cool wash and allow to air-dry outdoors. White vinegar can be effective at combating mold and mildew, but its strong odour makes it less than ideal on soft furnishings.

Cleaning Mould on Wooden Surfaces

Wood can be a tricky surface to take care of – especially if it is porous or untreated. Sometimes, if the item is heavily water damaged, the only real solution is to throw the moldy or mildew ridden wood away. However, this is one area that white vinegar can actually help with. The acidic nature of vinegar makes it effective at combating up to mould growth; but this acid could damage varnished surfaces – so be cautious.

Fill a spray bottle with undiluted white vinegar and liberally spray down the moldy or mildew covered surface. Leave it to sit for a good hour or two so that it can soak in a little and kill any spores in the lower layers. For varnished or treated wood, dilute the vinegar to a 1:3 ratio.

Vigorously brush down the surface with a soft hand brush and then apply one more coating. Open the windows and allow it to dry. You’ll have to put up with the smell of vinegar for a couple of days, after which it will start to fade. If vinegar is too overpowering for you; a cap of bleach or Dettol mixed with a litre of water in a spray bottle will help reduce spores and growth. Avoid mixing chemicals as the reactions can sometimes be worse than the problem itself.

When treating moldy or mildewy areas yourself, select a product that is proven to treat mold effectively. There are plenty of chemical solutions available in supermarkets and stores; but remember, these are quick fixes and not a genuine solution to the problem.

 

When to Call in the Experts?

If mould or mildew keeps reappearing weeks after cleaning it away, it’s time to discover the root of the problem and have it taken care of properly. Finding the moisture source should be the first priority, and then followed on with a treatment using specialist equipment and solutions.

 

Florida Air Quality Evaluation Services

With offices in Orlando, Tampa, Jacksonville, Naples, and Ft. Lauderdale, and Panama City Beach! We guarantee mold testing results within 3 business days on standard pricing testing services.

Air Quality Assessors of Florida (AQA), is a statewide indoor air quality testing and consultation service provider. Founded in 2010, with over 18 years’ experience in the field of mold and moisture assessing as well as pest control, lawn care, termite, and WDO (wood destroying organism) inspections through working in a successful family business. AQA continuously grows with a developing industry and strives to influence other professionals to follow industry guidelines and regulations.

(407) 233-0493
Steve Berman

 

 

Tags: , ,
Our team of licensed and insured contractors and engineers can assist you with making sure your building is ready for 40 Year inspections!

Our team of licensed and insured contractors and engineers can assist you with making sure your building is ready for 40 Year inspections!

  • Posted: Nov 17, 2020
  • By:
  • Comments: Comments Off on Our team of licensed and insured contractors and engineers can assist you with making sure your building is ready for 40 Year inspections!
You may be asking yourself, why did I receive that letter?
When a building is over 40 years old, you are required to have a structural and electrical safety inspection every ten years after; for the possibilities of future building failures being minimal and to be prepared for hurricane-force winds.
Our team of licensed and insured contractors and engineers can assist you with making sure your building is ready for inspections by making sure your structure is safe.

Aruba Permit Services resolves code enforcement issues and permits, promptly and at reasonable price in both residential and commercial properties. Our company focuses on solving issues within the permitting process such as illegal work or reactivating expired permits. We are the leading professionals in the South Florida area including Broward County, Palm Beach County and Miami-Dade County.

Aruba Construction is the parent company of Aruba Permit Services, which is a licensed general contractor. We can perform all corrective work required to bring construction up to current Florida Building Codes. Our team takes pride in following through until the code violation case is closed and the building permits are up to date. With Aruba Permit Services you will have no doubt that we will make sure your property will be in compliance.

Aruba Services
Contact info: (954)-786-7292
Location: 1413 S. Powerline Road Pompano Beach, FL 33069
Tags: ,
Home Fire Prevention Week –  “Home fire sprinkler system’s can save lives and property”.

Home Fire Prevention Week – “Home fire sprinkler system’s can save lives and property”.

  • Posted: Oct 08, 2020
  • By:
  • Comments: Comments Off on Home Fire Prevention Week – “Home fire sprinkler system’s can save lives and property”.

Home fire sprinkler system’s can save lives and property.

Home Fire Prevention Week

 

The public observance of Fire Prevention Week. In 1925, President Calvin Coolidge proclaimed Fire Prevention Week a national observance, making it the longest-running public health observance in our country. During Fire Prevention Week, children, adults, and teachers learn how to stay safe in case of a fire. Firefighters provide lifesaving public education in an effort to drastically decrease casualties caused by fires.

Fire Prevention Week is observed each year during the week of October 9th in commemoration of the Great Chicago Fire, which began on October 8, 1871, and caused devastating damage. This horrific conflagration killed more than 250 people, left 100,000 homeless, destroyed more than 17,400 structures, and burned more than 2,000 acres of land.

 

Why firesprinklers?   • save lives/reduce injuries   • protect property   • reduce impact of fire on environment   • reduce business interruption   • reduce risk to firefighters   • increase community resilience
• preserve heritage   THAT’s why!


 

Today’s theme is “Fire is Fast”. Very few people realize how fast a home fire grows. Check out this 1 minute video which shows how a home fire sprinkler system can save lives and property.

https://youtu.be/cnzPFi_EGjU

 


 

During the COVID-19 crisis, recent news reports have shown a correlation between stay-at-home mandates and an increase in home cooking fires. The NFPA and HFSC say this trend emphasizes the importance of the need to educate about fire safety, the organizations said in a press release.

The organizations noted that fire sprinklers can help eliminate home fire deaths, but that legislative barriers and a general unawareness of the technology have prevented its use in new homes.

The Fire Sprinkler Initiative, a project of the NFPA and the HFSC, is co-hosting Home Fire Sprinkler Week, a North America-wide virtual effort to show the value of home fire sprinklers from May 17-23.

“Previously, public demonstrations to show the speed of home fires and the powerful protection of home fire sprinklers were the centerpiece of this week, attracting large crowds all over the country,” NFPA Vice President of Outreach and Advocacy and HFSC President Lorraine Carli said in a statement. “But life is very different today with the fire service at the front lines of the COVID-19 pandemic. And as public gatherings are inadvisable, this year we are acknowledging social distancing and simplifying fire service participation by providing a varied digital platform to flood the Internet with facts and messages of life safety.”

Throughout the week, fire departments and other public safety advocates across the U.S. can access digital content at the Home Fire Sprinkler Week Website and encourage their audiences to read and share daily messaging. The NFPA and HFSC will post home fire sprinkler videos, graphics and other information on their websites, through social media and via local news outlets.

*Each year, home fires cause eight of every 10 fire deaths and seven of 10 fire injuries, according to the NFPA, and fire sprinklers are proven to keep home fires small, preventing injuries, deaths and limiting property damage.

 

Members of SFPMA – Fire Alarms and Fire Sprinkler System Companies

 

Premier Fire Alarms and Integration Systems

Premier Fire Alarms & Integration Systems, Installation Division Inc. is dedicated to providing the most reliable systems and service in the alarm industry. Helping protect the lives and property of our customers is a responsibility we embrace and never take lightly. In every endeavor, we strive to satisfy our customers by meeting and exceeding their expectations.

Our Goals At Premier Fire Alarms & Integration Systems, Inc., we have high expectations of ourselves and we encourage our customers to have them too. For well over a decade, we have earned the trust of our customers through ingenuity, superior workmanship and responsiveness. Our continual effort to exceed current goals is your guarantee of superior performance and fulfillment of our commitments.

 

Premier Fire Alarm & Integration Systems, Installation Division Inc
EF license number: EC 13008323
430 Ansin Blvd Suite M
Hallandale, FL 330099
Call us: 954 404 7137

 


 

Southfire Systems

Complete Fire Alarm System Service, testing and inspection,  low-cost 24-7 UL Central Station alarm monitoring services.  

With over 15 years experience in the alarm servicing industry, we’ve seen our share of customer concerns. We fully understand that nobody wakes up in the morning and casually decides to install a fire alarm system in their home or business just to brighten everyones day! Usually, it is a mandatory requirement of local code enforcement and strict guidelines must be followed in order to fully comply with the criteria specified by those codes. As a property owner, it is your responsibility to maintain your life safety system in proper working condition at all times. We realize how this situation can often create major headaches and frustrations for people who would rather be devoting their time and energies to running their own businesses instead.

Southfire Systems

6187 NW 167th St. Suite H-13
Miami, FL 33015
305-558-6126
office@southfiresystems.com
EF2000635

 


 

BLACK FIRE PROTECTION, INC.

Experts in all components of your water-based fire protection systems including; fire sprinklers, fire pumps, standpipes, hoses, backflow prevention devices, and fire hydrants. We fulfill all of your design, installation, retrofit, repair, inspection, test, and maintenance needs.

Marcas Black – Vice President
3461 NW 75th TerraceLauderhill, Florida 33319Serving Broward, Miami-Dade,
and Palm Beach.

Phone: 954-741-4548
Fax: 954-999-5258
marcas@blackfireprotection.com

 


 

Advanced Fire & Security

Advanced Fire & Security, Inc. is State Licensed, Whether you are a Property Manager, Owner, Engineer or Electrical Contractor, our goal is to make your life easier by providing the best products and services available for our industry. With Advanced Fire & Security you’ll sleep better knowing that your property and tenants are protected 24 hours a day.

FIRE & SECURITY COMPANY

2701 Gateway Drive
Pompano Beach, FL 33069

Phone:  888-916-7474
Fax:  954-772-0500

 


 

Florida Fire Door

Certified Fire Door Inspections serving all commercial markets across Florida.

Florida Fire Door, LLC. Is the state’s leader in Life Safety Inspections and services. With over 20 years of life safety industry experience and working with different AHJ’s from all different industries, we are well versed in the code requirements and what the AHJ is expecting of you and your facility. You can count on us to keep you in compliance with all fire door code requirements.

 

Florida Fire Door
Mike Redd
VP Operations
954.947.SAFE (7233)
info@FloridaFireDoor.com
http://www.FloridaFireDoor.com

 


Tags: , , , ,
Aruba Permit Services specializes in helping Building Owners with 40-year inspections.

Aruba Permit Services specializes in helping Building Owners with 40-year inspections.

Aruba Permit Services specializes in helping Building Owners with 40-year inspections.

 

The 40-year Building Safety Inspection Program was created in 2005 and has become effective throughout Broward and Miami-Dade Counties since January 2006. 

Aruba Permit Services specializes in helping Building Owners with 40-year inspections. We are partners with Aruba Construction who has been a Certified General Contractor since 1990 and has qualified Engineers available to handle inspections of any size building.

 

Building owners and property managers should consult with our structural engineers to have a proper inspection completed as their building nears 40 years of age.

Visit our Website

 

 

These inspections are for the conditions of the building that include:

·         Masonry Walls (concrete condition, exposed rebar, spalling)

·         Floors and Roof Systems (drains, scuppers, supports for A/C)

·         Steel Framing (corrosion, fireproofing)

·         Concrete Framing (cracks, exposed rebar)

·         Windows (general condition, seals, anchorage)

·         Wood Framing (connector condition, rotting, bearing deficiencies)

·         Exterior Finishes (stucco, soffit, veneer deficiencies)

·         Electrical (panels, wiring, breakers)

 

 

 

After inspections are completed, the Engineer supplies a formal inspection package to the City or the County as required by the Board of Rules and Appeals. These inspections are required 40 years after the building has been built, and every 10 years thereafter.

If deficiencies are found in the building, Aruba has the knowledge and the manpower to handle any repair. Permits will be pulled for the repairs. All work will be followed up by the engineer to assure compliance. Aruba Permit Services is licensed and insured. 

 

Aruba Permit Services is here for you:

Phone: (954) 786-7292
Email: 
info@aruba-services.com
Address: 1413 S. Powerline Road, Pompano Beach, FL 33069

Contact us Today for a Free Quote!

Tags: , , ,

COVID-19 SURFACE TESTING – NEXT DAY RESULTS AVAILABLE!

COVID-19 SURFACE TESTING – NEXT DAY RESULTS AVAILABLE!

  • Posted: May 01, 2020
  • By:
  • Comments: Comments Off on COVID-19 SURFACE TESTING – NEXT DAY RESULTS AVAILABLE!

COVID-19 SURFACE TESTING

NEXT DAY RESULTS AVAILABLE!

According to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), COVID-19 is a respiratory illness that can spread from person-to-person. The main infection route is between people who are in close contact with one another (within about 6 feet) through respiratory droplets produced when an infected person coughs or sneezes.

It also may be possible that a person can contract COVID-19 by touching a surface or object that has the virus on it, and then touching their own mouth, nose, or eyes. Currently, transmission from surfaces is not thought to be the main way the virus spread, however the CDC’s April 13th update remarked: “COVID-19 is a new disease and we are still learning about how it spreads and the severity of illness it causes.”

 

As mentioned on our homepage, recent studies suggest that the CVOID-19 virus may remain viable and infective on surfaces for hours to days, depending on the surface material type (fabric, tile, steel, etc.).

Thorough cleaning and disinfection of frequently touched surfaces are recommended by the CDC and believed to be essential in preventing the spread of infection.

The presence or absence of the viral genetic material on environmental surfaces can now be directly tested with EMSL’s new CVOID-19 molecular-based test and used to demonstrate effectiveness of cleaning protocols.

 

Air Quality Assessors of Florida only performs the physical sampling of surfaces recommended to test by request of our client and in no way can guarantee the entire site is clear from COVID 19. AQA sends all samples to an accredited laboratory for analysis.

Call us or visit our website to schedule your assessment or request more information. We will get back to you with 24 hours.

844-CALL-AQA

 

 

Tags: , , ,