Become a Member: JOIN SFPMA TODAY   LogIn / Register: LOGIN/REGISTER

SFPMA Industry Articles | news, legal updates, events & education! 

Find Blog Articles for Florida’s Condo, HOA and the Management Industry. 

Prepare for Hurricane Ian Homeowners & Property Owners Preparedness Tips: by Cohen Law Group

Prepare for Hurricane Ian Homeowners & Property Owners Preparedness Tips: by Cohen Law Group

It is extremely important for you to have records of your property’s condition in the event that you need to file a claim with your insurance company.

Click Here For The Homeowners Guide To Storm Damage

Before The Storm:

  • Take photos of your property- Interior of Home, Exterior of Home, Roof, Pool and Pool Area, Fencing, Trees, Front Yard, Back Yard.
  • If you are not able to take photos before a storm, collect the most recent photos you have taken of your property.
  • Document belongings- with proper documentation, you may also be able to recover lost expenses for home contents, personal property, and other items. Here is a list of some items to consider keeping receipts for or appraising: Televisions, Furniture, Jewelry, Artwork, Appliances, Computers, Antiques, Beds, Decks, Other Electronic Equipment
  • Know what is in your homeowner’s insurance policy.
  • Have records of your property’s condition in the event that you need to file a claim with your insurance company.
  • Review your mold coverage.
  • Review your flood coverage. This is normally separate insurance policy.
  • Ask your insurance agent about coverage for water damage, law and ordinance, debris removal, and additional living expenses.
  • Check your hurricane deductible, it can be much higher than your regular deductible.
  • Have a plan to move yourself and your family – especially those with special needs.
  • Have a portable radio, TV or NOAA Weather Radio on hand to monitor important information.
  • Homeowners who depend on well water should draw an emergency supply.
  • Get cash or travelers checks in case banks or ATMs are not operational.
  • Ensure all your electronic/mobile devices are fully charged.
  • Gather important documentation and place in waterproof container.
  • Make arrangements for pets; emergency shelters may not let you bring your animals with you.
  • Find out where the nearest shelter is located and the routes to get there.
  • Fill your automobile(s) with gas or ensure your electric vehicle is charged.
  • If you have an emergency power source, learn how to use it properly.

After The Storm:

  • When it is safe to do so, photograph your property’s: Interior, Exterior, and Roof
  • Consult with an attorney experienced in handling insurance claims before giving any recorded statements or meeting with an adjuster assigned to the claim.
  • Call the insurance carrier and timely report the claim.
  • Homeowners should obtain an inspection by a qualified contractor and/or roofer to assess whether the hurricane force winds have damaged or diminished the roofing system and building envelope.
  • Take photos and record the questions and answers when talking to adjusters.
  • Make sure to keep track of the name and number of every person you talk to at your insurance company.
  • Check your Co-Insurance penalties.
  • Make a copy of the insurance policy and keep it in a safe place.
  • Check your policy coverages and sublimits.
  • Just because water has not began to enter the structure does not mean that there is not damage to their property.
  • We have seen too many homeowner claims where an engineer is hired months after the storm and the engineer states the damage preexisted the hurricane.
  • For more information about the work we do with insurance claims, Click Here.

Business Owners Preparedness Tips:

Click Here For The Large Loss Guide To Storm Damage

  • Businesses should pay close attention to the storm’s forecast over the weekend. The National Hurricane Center releases a new full advisory every 6 hours, at 5am, 11am, 5pm and 11pm EDT. They are issuing intermediate advisories every 3 hours, between the full advisories (1am, 8am, 1pm, 8pm EDT.)
  • During this time, it’s important to review your disaster and emergency communication plan.
  • Backup all data on servers and personal computers and ensure remote access is available.
  • Ensure your equipment is raised above potential flood levels.
  • Review your insurance policies to mitigate any possible gaps in coverage.
  • Protect and duplicate important business documents and records. Be sure they are accessible from anywhere.

For More Information Click The Link Below:

http://itsaboutjustice.law/hurricane-preparedness/

 

Tags: ,
Roof Maxx of N Fort Lauderdale, FL

Roof Maxx of N Fort Lauderdale, FL

Roof Maxx of N Fort Lauderdale, FL

Contact Mark at (954) 493-0003 or mcucharale@roofmaxx.com

The daily beating of the sun on an asphalt shingle roof bakes at a quicker rate than the same roof type in northern states. I want my customers to understand that the demise of this asphalt shingles is “dry” and “brittleness.” The best and easiest way to explain it to you is the “burnt toast” analogy. If you take a fresh slice of bread and leave it in the toaster for too long, it will come out black and burnt. If you bend it, it will crunch or break in half. Now if you spread butter on that same piece of toast and let it sit for 20-30 minutes, you would be able to bend it without breaking in half. Very simple to understand. This is the condition of your asphalt shingle. You will pay more money for a roof replacement, more frequently, because less asphalt is used in the shingle.
Insurance has been difficult with homeowners here in the Tri-County area and it was tougher to sell the service here because of that. Now that SB-2D was passed into law (May 2022) by the Florida state legislators, we now have a much better opportunity to help those older roofs qualify for at least FIVE more years of life (if not longer), thus helping those property owners save their money and their roofs.
We won’t do repairs because of our limits with state licensing, but we offer minor maintenance, such as painting rusted vents, caulking some exposed nail heads, which are common, or replacing a missing shingle tab or two. This roof tune-up is a $499 value, usually done as a courtesy if a Roof Maxx treatment is done with us. We also offer discounts on such things as seniors, veterans and civil employees (like police and fire or first responders). We also give discounts to repeat customers and discounts base on volume (like commercial jobs).
Contact Mark at (954) 493-0003 or mcucharale@roofmaxx.com
View our Members Page on sfpma.
Tags: , , ,
The team at Aruba are your professionals to go to when you’re required to bring your business up to code.

The team at Aruba are your professionals to go to when you’re required to bring your business up to code.

Aruba Permit Services just finalized another job for a small business! Need an enclosure for your dumpster?

What we do best!

We resolve code enforcement issues and permits, fast for a reasonable price in both residential and commercial properties. Aruba is leading professional that only focuses on finding solutions through the permitting process for illegal work or reactivating an expired permit. Since Aruba is a licensed General Contractor we can perform any corrective work required to bring the work up to current Florida Building Code. Our team will follow through until the code violation case is closed or building permit. Once Aruba is involved, you can rest assure that we will make sure your property will be in compliance.

Members of SFPMA – find us on the Members directory

The team at Aruba are your professionals to go to when you’re required to bring your business and properties up to code.

Give us a call 📞 @ 954.782.7292 if you have any questions, visit our website 💻 https://www.aruba-services.com

Tags: ,
At Cohen Law Group, It’s About Justice!

At Cohen Law Group, It’s About Justice!

At Cohen Law Group, It’s About Justice!

It is more than a slogan, it is our firm’s mantra. The motto, developed by our founder Harvey V. Cohen was derived from our mission statement. We are aggressive, zealous advocates for our client’s rights. Our commitment to our clients is evident by our prompt reply to all phone calls and our 24 hour availability through our phone answering service.

Make sure your legal rights are protected by seeking the legal advice of an experienced Attorney. Contact Cohen Law Group.

Call us today at 407-890-0405 to see how we can help your legal needs. Or click here to fill out a free case evaluation.

 

Contractor Insurance Claim Dispute

Cohen Law Group stands up to these insurance carriers in valid contractor insurance claim disputes. Contractors have a right to be paid, just as the policy holder they are working for has a right to have a valid insurance claim paid.

Homeowner Insurance Claim Attorney

Have you had an insurance claim denied, partially paid, or reduced? If so, we may be able to help. Cohen Law Group stands up to these insurance carriers in valid homeowner insurance claim disputes.

Business Owners Insurance Claims Dispute

Cohen Law Group stands up to these insurance carriers in valid business/property owner insurance claim disputes. We possesses the experience and resources necessary to effectively guide you through each and every aspect of your business/property owner insurance claim dispute.

Tags: , ,
Hurricane Preparation for your Building – Don’t wait, Make a Plan Today

Hurricane Preparation for your Building – Don’t wait, Make a Plan Today

  • Posted: Jul 10, 2022
  • By:
  • Comments: Comments Off on Hurricane Preparation for your Building – Don’t wait, Make a Plan Today

Hurricane Preparation for your Building

Don’t wait: Make a Plan Today

Finding Trusted Companies that work with our Industry is important!

We Provide Insurance Public Adjusters and Legal Experts Roofing Companies and cleanup and Tree and Lawncare Members to handle Storm Damage & Claims for your Properties!

Find more on our website >>>

FloridaAdjusting.com

WHAT WE PROVIDE CONDO & HOA’S

Property Inspections & Site Analysis

Review of your Insurance Policy

Damage Report Backing up the Claim

Loss Estimates Documentation

Negotiation and Settlement with Insurance Companies

 

Tags: ,
THE NEW CONDO LAWS —- MANDATORY INSPECTIONS – PART ONE & PART TWO

THE NEW CONDO LAWS —- MANDATORY INSPECTIONS – PART ONE & PART TWO

  • Posted: Jun 14, 2022
  • By:
  • Comments: Comments Off on THE NEW CONDO LAWS —- MANDATORY INSPECTIONS – PART ONE & PART TWO

Let’s start discussing the new condominium laws that go into effect on July 1st.  We won’t cover them all in one week, so look forward to next week’s blog as well.

IF YOU HAVE A MANAGEMENT COMPANY the statute says:

If a community association manager or a community association management firm has a contract with a community association that has a building on the association’s property that is subject to s. 553.899, (the Mandatory Inspections statute) the community association manager or the community association management firm must comply with that section as directed by the board.

This is a weird provision to me.  Clearly, it’s warning managers and management companies to comply with the new mandatory inspection statute. But it also says “as directed by the board.”  What does that mean?  Suppose the board tells the manager that they are deliberately not complying with the new mandatory inspection statute? Does that get the management company off the hook?  Can the management company now sit back and do nothing?  I certainly don’t think that’s the intent of the statute, but it should definitely be clearer.  In any event, at least to me, the management company must not hinder the association’s efforts to comply with the new mandatory inspection statute.  If I were a manager or management company, I would document my efforts thru e-mails to all of the Board members urging them to comply and reminding them of their responsibility to comply with the new mandatory inspection requirements.

Remember, prior to this new law becoming effective, only Dade and Broward had mandatory / structural inspection requirements.  Wellwe now have in every Florida county something called milestone inspections — and there is part one and part two.

In every county in Florida, your first milestone/structural  inspection is after 30 years and every ten years thereafter.  But, if your condo is ON THE COAST or within three miles of the coast, your first milestone/structural inspection is AFTER TWENTY FIVE YEARS AND EVERY TEN YEARS THEREAFTER. And this applies to every condo or co-op that is three stories or more in height by December 31 of the year in which the building reaches 30 years of age

The structural inspection of a building, including an inspection of load-bearing walls and the primary structural members and primary structural systems, must be done by by a licensed architect or engineer authorized to practice in this state for the purposes of attesting to the life safety and adequacy of the structural components of the building and, to the extent reasonably possible, determining the general structural condition of the building as it affects the safety of such building, including a determination of any necessary maintenance, repair, or replacement of any structural component of the building.

If the building’s certificate of occupancy was issued on or before July 1, 1992, meaning that you are already 30 years old, the building’s initial milestone inspection must be performed before December 31, 2024.

 

Here is what’s required in a Phase One Inspection:

PHASE ONE  (a) For phase one of the milestone inspection, a licensed architect or engineer authorized to practice in this state shall perform a visual examination of habitable and nonhabitable areas of a building, including the major structural components of a building, and provide a qualitative assessment of the structural conditions of the building. If the architect or engineer finds no signs of substantial structural deterioration to any building components under visual examination, phase two of the inspection, as provided in paragraph (b), is not required.

In all candorin a post Champlain Towers worldif I’m the phase one guy — I don’t want to be sued for saying this building is in perfect shape and doesn’t even need a phase two inspection.  I think the Phase One Inspection will Always result in the First architect or engineer calling for a Phase Two study.  What does he or she have to lose?


MANDATORY BUILDING INSPECTIONS – PART TWO

By Eric Glazer, Esq.

So last week we discussed the fact that the change in the law will now require every condominium building in the state that is 3 stories or higher and at least 30 years old (25 years old if within 3 miles of the coast) to undergo a Phase One inspection, every 10 years, by a licensed architect or engineer who is looking for visual signs of structural damage to the building.

Now if I’m the guy doing the Phase One Inspection, it’s pretty likely that I’m going to find something that requires a Phase Two inspection.  Why not?  Is it worth the potential liability for saying the building is fine and then someone is injured or killed because of a structural defect?  Of course not.  So count on lots of Phase Two Inspections.  Here is what that entails:

 

PHASE TWO – Only If found to be necessary after the Phase One Inspection

(b) A phase two of the milestone inspection must be performed if any substantial structural deterioration is identified during phase one. A phase two inspection may involve destructive or nondestructive testing at the inspector’s direction. The inspection may be as extensive or as limited as necessary to fully assess areas of structural distress in order to confirm that the building is structurally sound and safe for its intended use and to recommend a program for fully assessing and repairing distressed and damaged portions of the building. When determining testing locations, the inspector must give preference to locations that are the least disruptive and most easily repairable while still being representative of the structure. An inspector who completes a phase two milestone inspection shall prepare and submit an inspection report pursuant to subsection (8).

(8) Upon completion of a phase one or phase two milestone inspection, the architect or engineer who performed the inspection must submit a sealed copy of the inspection report with a separate summary of, at minimum, the material findings and recommendations in the inspection report to the condominium association or cooperative association, and to the building official of the local government which has jurisdiction. The inspection report must, at a minimum, meet all of the following criteria:

(a) Bear the seal and signature, or the electronic signature, of the licensed engineer or architect who performed the inspection.

(b) Indicate the manner and type of inspection forming the basis for the inspection report.

(c) Identify any substantial structural deterioration, within a reasonable professional probability based on the scope of the inspection, describe the extent of such deterioration, and identify any recommended repairs for such deterioration.

(d) State whether unsafe or dangerous conditions, as those terms are defined in the Florida Building Code, were observed.

(e) Recommend any remedial or preventive repair for any items that are damaged but are not substantial structural deterioration.

(f) Identify and describe any items requiring further inspection.

THE ASSOCIATION’S RESPONSIBILITY

(9) The association must distribute a copy of the inspector-prepared summary of the inspection report to each condominium unit owner or cooperative unit owner, regardless of the findings or recommendations in the report, by United States mail or personal delivery and by electronic transmission to unit owners who previously consented to receive notice by electronic transmission; must post a copy of the inspector-prepared summary in a conspicuous place on the condominium or cooperative property; and must publish the full report and inspector prepared summary on the association’s website, if the association is required to have a website.

 (10) A local enforcement agency may prescribe timelines and penalties with respect to compliance with this section.

(11) A board of county commissioners may adopt an ordinance requiring that a condominium or cooperative association schedule or commence repairs for substantial structural deterioration within a specified timeframe after the local enforcement agency receives a phase two inspection report; however, such repairs must be commenced within 365 days after receiving such report. If an association fails to submit proof to the local enforcement agency that repairs have been scheduled or have commenced for substantial structural deterioration identified in a phase two inspection report within the required timeframe, the local enforcement agency must review and determine if the building is unsafe for human occupancy.

The bottom line is that if forced to do a Phase One inspection, you can ensure you will be required to do a Phase Two Inspection.  The Phase Two Inspection will be costly and the architect or engineer performing the study has full reign over the property.  What they say needs fixing, needs fixing.  And what do they have to lose in stating that certain structural repairs should be made?  On the other hand, they have a lot to lose if they don’t recommend a fix and catastrophe strikes.  Rest assured that Phase Two Study will require repairs and they won’t come cheap.

 

Tags: , ,
Florida Senate Bill 2-D and 4-D: What You Need to Know!  by Cohen Law Group

Florida Senate Bill 2-D and 4-D: What You Need to Know! by Cohen Law Group

  • Posted: Jun 08, 2022
  • By:
  • Comments: Comments Off on Florida Senate Bill 2-D and 4-D: What You Need to Know! by Cohen Law Group
At Cohen Law Group, It’s About Justice!
It’s more than a slogan, it’s our firm’s mantra. We are zealous in protecting your rights. We offer 24-hour availability through our answering service. Call us today.
(407) 478-4878
Florida passes condominium safety bill in wake of Surfside

Florida passes condominium safety bill in wake of Surfside

  • Posted: May 27, 2022
  • By:
  • Comments: Comments Off on Florida passes condominium safety bill in wake of Surfside

A bill has been sent to Florida’s governor that would require statewide recertification of condominiums over three stories tall, in response to the Surfside building collapse that killed 98 people

TALLAHASSEE, Fla. — Florida would require statewide recertification of condominiums over three stories tall under a bill sent Wednesday to Republican Gov. Ron DeSantis by lawmakers, their legislation a response to the Surfside building collapse that killed 98 people.

The House unanimously passed the bill during a special session originally called to address skyrocketing property insurance rates. The condominium safety bill was added to the agenda Tuesday after an agreement was reached between the House and Senate.

Recertification would be required after 30 years, or 25 years if the building is within 3 miles (5 kilometers) of the coast, and every 10 years thereafter. The Champlain Towers South was 40 years old and was going through the 40-year-recertification process required by Miami-Dade County when it collapsed last June.

At the time, Miami-Dade and Broward counties were the only two of the state’s 67 that had condominium recertification programs.

“We have actually made positive change knowing that condominiums will be safer moving forward,” said Republican Rep. Daniel Perez.

The bill would require that condominium associations have sufficient reserves to pay for major repairs and conduct a study of the reserves every decade. It would also require condominium associations to provide inspection reports to owners, and if structural repairs are needed, work must begin within a year of the report.

Similar legislation failed during the regular session that ended in March.

The condominium measure was attached to a bill that would forbid insurers from automatically denying coverage because of a roof’s age if the roof is less than 15 years old. Homeowners with roofs 15 years or older would be allowed to get an inspection before insurers deny them coverage.

While some Democratic lawmakers complained that the special session on insurance didn’t go far enough to help relieve homeowners, they did praise the addition of the condominium safety legislation.

“This bill makes this trip worth it, at least for me,” said Democratic Rep. Michael Grieco, whose district borders Surfside. “I know folks who lost people in that building.”

Recertification would be required after 30 years — or 25 years if the building is within three miles of the coast — and every 10 years thereafter.

The House sent the bill to Republican Gov. Ron DeSantis on Wednesday.

The House unanimously passed the legislation during a special session on skyrocketing property insurance rates.

Recertification would be required after 30 years — or 25 years if the building is within three miles of the coast — and every 10 years thereafter.

Nearly a year after the catastrophic collapse of Champlain Towers South in Surfside, Florida lawmakers on Wednesday gave final approval to legislation that will require condominium association boards to set aside money in reserves to cover future repairs starting in 2025. Current law allows them to waive the requirement.

“They are allowed to do that, and most of them are doing that today. They’re doing that because they are kicking the can down the road and not wanting the cost,” said state Rep. Danny Perez, R-Miami. “So moving forward, the structural integrity of a condominium will be reserved, they will be maintained, and they will be kept up to par so that future condominiums never have to worry about another Surfside taking place.”

The measure, which was approved by the House on a 110-0 vote and now heads to Gov. Ron DeSantis, would also require condo boards to conduct reserve studies every decade to make sure they have the resources to finance needed structural repairs. The proposal would also open up condo board members — many of them volunteers — to lawsuits if they ignore inspection requirements.

At play in Florida will be how to mandate reserves and maintenance to prevent tragedy and prepare associations who will need to make decisions that will likely cost homeowners more money.

“The compliance timeline is a few years away to afford an opportunity to smoothly transition,” the Senate sponsor of the bill, Sen. Jennifer Bradley, R-Fleming Island, said. “Additionally, the Legislature will remain engaged as condos and associations work to implement these changes.”

Bradley said she knows the changes to the state’s condo law will be a disruption to the status quo for many condos, but she says, “the safety of Floridians must come first.”

‘First-of-its-kind’ inspection requirements

“The creation of a first-of-its-kind statewide system of milestone inspections for our aging condos and providing transparency and disclosure to local officials, unit owners, and renters are significant measures that will save lives,” Bradley said.

There would be two phases to inspections. If a visual inspection by a licensed architect or engineer authorized to practice in Florida reveals no signs of substantial structural deterioration, no further action is necessary until the next required inspection. If structural deterioration is detected, a second phase of testing is required to determine whether the building is structurally sound.

The changes to the state’s condo laws emerged on Tuesday afternoon during a special session that Gov. Ron DeSantis called to address Florida’s failing property insurance market. The deal came after months of negotiations between lawmakers.

On Wednesday, Perez said the reserves provision was “the most important” part of the bill. House Speaker Chris Sprowls, R-Palm Harbor, thanked him for standing his ground, telling him that “people in the state of Florida are safer because of your efforts.”

 

Tags:
ASAP Fire Sprinkler Protection LLC

ASAP Fire Sprinkler Protection LLC

  • Posted: May 03, 2022
  • By:
  • Comments: Comments Off on ASAP Fire Sprinkler Protection LLC

ASAP Fire Sprinkler Protection LLC

Asap Fire Sprinkler Protection, is License, Bonded & Insured Florida base Fire sprinkler company who specializes in fire protection and life safety. Our goal and commitment is to deliver unparalleled service to all our customers. With 27 years of combined experience, we are capable of installing, servicing, repairing and inspecting any type of residential, commercial, industrial or special hazard fire sprinkler systems.

Our company was built on our hard work, hands-on experience, and customer satisfaction. Asap Fire contractors are known and respected in the industry for our daunting precision and field proficiency.

Asap Fire contractors can successfully handle all aspects of fire sprinkler integrated and suppression systems. Because life safety is our #1 goal, we use innovative thinking and meticulousness craftsmanship on every project.

Whether it’s new construction, existing fire pump system  replacement, annual fire pump system testing, maintenance or repair. Solutions & Other Service

Construction Site Management

Project Bid & Negotiation

Fire Protection Engineering & Design

Litigation and Support

Performance and Base Design

Drawings Review

Third-Party Plan Installation Review

Fire Protection Master Planning

Audits & Surveys of As-built Drawings

Conversion of Existing Systems

Evaluation of Existing Fire Systems

 

Tags:
AMAZING PODCAST THAT DISCUSSES THE COLLAPSE IN SURFSIDE IN DETAIL AND FROM SO MANY DIFFERENT ANGLES.

AMAZING PODCAST THAT DISCUSSES THE COLLAPSE IN SURFSIDE IN DETAIL AND FROM SO MANY DIFFERENT ANGLES.

  • Posted: Apr 28, 2022
  • By:
  • Comments: Comments Off on AMAZING PODCAST THAT DISCUSSES THE COLLAPSE IN SURFSIDE IN DETAIL AND FROM SO MANY DIFFERENT ANGLES.

THE MIAMI HERALD HAS PREPARED AN AMAZING PODCAST THAT DISCUSSES THE COLLAPSE IN SURFSIDE IN DETAIL AND FROM SO MANY DIFFERENT ANGLES.

IN TODAY’S MIAMI HERALD, ERIC GLAZER IS INTERVIEWED REGARDING THE LAWS THAT LED TO THE DISASTER AND HOW THE LEGISLATURE IGNORED PRIOR WARNINGS.

TO LISTEN TO THE PODCAST CLICK HERE


EPISODE 8: THE RULES ARE DIFFERENT HERE Almost a year after the tragic fall of Champlain Towers South in Surfside, the Florida Legislature has done nothing to prevent another disaster. It’s an approach often taken in Tallahassee: Miami-Dade County’s problems are its own to fix. But the flaws at Champlain South aren’t necessarily limited to Miami-Dade, or even Florida. They could be present in older waterfront buildings around the world.

Episode 8: The Rules Are Different Here of Collapse: Disaster in Surfside, a new podcast from Miami Herald/Treefort Media, shows listeners how the long-term consequences of the deadly accident are still up in the air — and explores how previous decades of inaction by lawmakers and the Champlain South condo board contributed to the collapse.

Listen to the Podcast and hear the interview with Eric Glazer.

Tags:
Association Managers and Board of Directors, review and ensure that your capital reserve study is accurate and up-to-date. by The Falcon Group

Association Managers and Board of Directors, review and ensure that your capital reserve study is accurate and up-to-date. by The Falcon Group

Association Managers and Board of Directors review and ensure that your capital reserve study is accurate and up-to-date.

by The Falcon Group

Are You Ready ?

We strongly encourage, that every year around this time association managers and Board of Directors review and ensure that your capital reserve study is accurate and up-to-date. This is one of the smartest decisions a board will make for the future of the association. It is an easy and effective way to ensure your community’s capital replacement items are being properly funded with minimal impact on the individual homeowners.

 

To stay on track for a healthy financial future, it is recommended that your Reserve Study be updated every three (3) years

Please contact our Reserve Specialists today for an new or updated reserve study.

 

 

Tags: , ,